I focus much of my research on understanding the psychometric properties of tests. This work has included research on the effects of item formats and the use of constructed-response versus multiple-choice items. I also address ways to develop test items to maximize test accessibility, making the test accessible to diverse test takers, including those with cognitive impairments or limited English proficiency. I have a strong interest in applied measurement, spending a good deal of time working with schools and school districts to develop methods for improving their use of large-scale test information for planning and evaluation. This includes working with teachers on classroom assessment and the development of home-grown common-course exams across a district. I am doing research with graduate students on MN youth and their profile of assets and school engagement as well as involvement in out-of-school activities.