TY - JOUR
T1 - A review of intranasal formulations for the treatment of seizure emergencies
AU - Kapoor, Mamta
AU - Cloyd, James C.
AU - Siegel, Ronald A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2016/9/10
Y1 - 2016/9/10
N2 - Epileptic seizure emergencies are life-threatening conditions, which in their most severe form, status epilepticus, have a high mortality rate if not quickly terminated. Treatment requires rapid delivery of anti-epileptics such as benzodiazepines to the brain. The nasal route is attractive due to its non-invasiveness, potential for direct nose to brain delivery, high vascularity, relatively large absorptive surface area, and avoidance of intestinal/liver metabolism. However, the limited volume of the nasal cavity and poor water solubility of anti-epileptics restrict absorption, leading to insufficient therapeutic brain levels. This review covers various formulation approaches adopted to improve nasal delivery of drugs, especially benzodiazepines, used to treat seizure emergencies. Other general topics such as nasal anatomy, challenges to nasal delivery, and drug/formulation considerations for nose to brain delivery are also discussed.
AB - Epileptic seizure emergencies are life-threatening conditions, which in their most severe form, status epilepticus, have a high mortality rate if not quickly terminated. Treatment requires rapid delivery of anti-epileptics such as benzodiazepines to the brain. The nasal route is attractive due to its non-invasiveness, potential for direct nose to brain delivery, high vascularity, relatively large absorptive surface area, and avoidance of intestinal/liver metabolism. However, the limited volume of the nasal cavity and poor water solubility of anti-epileptics restrict absorption, leading to insufficient therapeutic brain levels. This review covers various formulation approaches adopted to improve nasal delivery of drugs, especially benzodiazepines, used to treat seizure emergencies. Other general topics such as nasal anatomy, challenges to nasal delivery, and drug/formulation considerations for nose to brain delivery are also discussed.
KW - Benzodiazepines
KW - Diazepam
KW - Epilepsy
KW - Intranasal
KW - Nasal delivery device
KW - Nose-to-brain
KW - Seizure emergencies
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.001
DO - 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.001
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27397490
AN - SCOPUS:84978839875
SN - 0168-3659
VL - 237
SP - 147
EP - 159
JO - Journal of Controlled Release
JF - Journal of Controlled Release
ER -