Black tern (Chlidonias niger) breeding site abandonment in U.S. Great Lakes coastal wetlands is predicted by historical abundance and patterns of emergent vegetation

Agriculture & Biology

• Chlidonias niger 100%
• Great Lakes 72%
• Laridae 63%
• wetlands 55%
• vegetation 41%
• breeding 20%
• colonial waterbirds 19%
• nests 18%
• habitat destruction 12%
• degradation 6%
• habitats 6%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• breeding site 72%
• coastal wetland 67%
• breeding population 44%
• vegetation 34%
• lake 33%
• nest 25%
• wetland 17%
• site effect 13%
• habitat loss 12%
• twentieth century 11%
• logistics 9%
• habitat 6%
• simulation 4%