TY - JOUR
T1 - Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting
AU - Suarez, S. M.Espinoza
AU - Borja-Castro, L. E.
AU - Valerio-Cuadros, M. I.
AU - Domínguez, A. Bustamante
AU - Cabrera-Tinoco, H. A.
AU - Huaman, E.
AU - Valencia-Bedregal, R. A.
AU - Zhao, Xiaoli
AU - Zhang, Youyun
AU - Zhang, Deliang
AU - Barnes, C. H.W.
AU - Valladares, L. De Los Santos
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Incorporación de Investigadores Program from the CONCYTEC – FONDECYT- UNMSM (Contract No. 12 -2019 – FONDECYT – BM – INC. INV.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe.
AB - A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe.
KW - Carbothermal reduction
KW - Continuous casting process
KW - Mill scales
KW - Mossbauer spectroscopy
KW - Steel billets
KW - Steel industry
KW - X-ray diffraction
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U2 - 10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9
DO - 10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85119046479
SN - 0304-3843
VL - 242
JO - Hyperfine Interactions
JF - Hyperfine Interactions
IS - 1
M1 - 29
ER -