Demultiplexing of Magnetic Nanowires with Overlapping Signatures for Tagged Biological Species

The drive to comprehend nanomedicine and biology with a reliable technique for multiplexed detection of biological entities, such as biocompatible membranes, regenerative tissues, and cells, demands much of the current state-of-the-art technologies. Angular-dependent coercivity (ADC) and first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements are frequently used for the identification of magnetic nanowires (MNWs), but a robust framework for quantitative demultiplexing of signals is still lacking. In this paper, we first extracted quantitative characteristics from ADC and FORC measured on samples including a single type of MNW. We then analyzed the ability of these characteristics for quantitative demultiplexing combinations of MNWs. Backfield remanence magnetization was determined as the most reliable characteristic for quantitative multiplexing applications. Our approach envisions an insightful pathway for accurate quantitative identification of biocompatible membranes labeled with MNWs, even if their magnetic signatures overlap. Very small volume ratios of multiplexed labels were detected without requiring fluorophores, which opens a future for cellular multiplexing as well.