Evaluation of diffusion for inorganic-nitrogen analysis of natural water and wastewater

Public concern that agricultural use of N fertilizers may have adverse effects on environmental quality and human health has led to a growing need for reliable data concerning the concentration of inorganic N in ground and surface water. A study was conducted to compare the accuracy and precision of simple Mason-jar diffusion methods for quantitative determination of NH ₄ / ⁺ and NO ₃ / ^- in a wide variety of water and wastewater, relative to colorimetry, ion-selective potentiometry, and steam distillation. Good agreement among methods was generally obtained with standard solutions prepared using deionized water; however, substantial differences often were observed with natural and anthropogenic samples, because of either Cl ^- interference in measurements with the NO ₃ / ^- electrode or CO ₃ / ^2- interference in distillation. Analytical accuracy also was evaluated by measuring recovery of N added as (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO ₄ or KNO ₃ (6 mg N L ^-1 ). With most of the samples studied, quantitative recovery (97-103%) was not achieved by potentiometry or distillation. Quantitative recoveries usually were achieved by a manual Berthelot method for colorimetric determination of NH ₄ / ⁺ , whereas recovery was often incomplete when NO ₃ / ^- analyses were performed with an automated flow-injection system using Cd ²⁺ reduction. Regardless of the sample matrix, diffusion was always accurate in measuring recovery of NH ₄ / ⁺ or NO ₃ / ^- .