Logging, linear features, and human infrastructure shape the spatial dynamics of wolf predation on an ungulate neonate

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• neonate 100%
• ungulate 88%
• deer 80%
• predation 71%
• predator 65%
• infrastructure 55%
• boreal forest 51%
• travel 46%
• olfactory cue 42%
• human activity 39%
• olfaction 37%
• encounter rate 36%
• disturbance 35%
• recreational activity 32%
• residential development 30%
• residential building 30%
• ecosystem 29%
• forage 27%
• refuge 26%
• hunting 25%
• timber 25%
• forest ecosystem 24%
• food web 23%
• harvest 22%
• mammal 22%
• resource 14%
• trend 12%

Agriculture & Biology

• wolves 92%
• ungulates 86%
• logging 83%
• infrastructure 83%
• fawns 70%
• neonates 64%
• Odocoileus virginianus 31%
• anthropogenic activities 27%
• boreal forests 20%
• predators 18%
• travel 17%
• ecosystems 12%
• Canis lupus 10%
• recreation 10%
• forest ecosystems 9%
• food webs 9%
• smell 9%
• deer 8%
• forage 6%
• mammals 6%