Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy: a mixed-methods study

Omolola A. Adeoye-Olatunde; Geoffrey M. Curran; Heather A. Jaynes; Lisa A. Hillman; Nisaratana Sangasubana; Betty A. Chewning; David H. Kreling; Jon C. Schommer; Matthew M. Murawski; Susan M. Perkins; Margie E. Snyder

doi:10.1186/s43058-022-00277-3

Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy: a mixed-methods study

Omolola A. Adeoye-Olatunde, Geoffrey M. Curran, Heather A. Jaynes, Lisa A. Hillman, Nisaratana Sangasubana, Betty A. Chewning, David H. Kreling, Jon C. Schommer, Matthew M. Murawski, Susan M. Perkins, Margie E. Snyder

Pharmaceutical Care and Health Systems

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4 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Medication non-adherence is a significant public health problem. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a rich data source to facilitate resolution of medication non-adherence. PatientToc™ is an electronic PRO data collection software originally implemented at primary care practices in California, United States (US). Currently, the use of standardized PRO data collection systems in US community pharmacies is limited. Thus, we are conducting a two-phase evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ to US Midwestern community pharmacies. This report focuses on the first phase of the evaluation. The objective of this phase was to prepare for implementation of PatientToc™ in community pharmacies by conducting a pre-implementation developmental formative evaluation to (1) identify potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations to PatientToc™ implementation and (2) create a draft implementation toolkit. Methods: Data collection consisted of demographics, observations, audio-recorded contextual inquiries, and semi-structured interviews with staff (e.g., primary care providers, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians) and patients during 1-day site visits to a purposive sample of (1) primary care practices currently using PatientToc™ and (2) community pharmacies in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota interested in the future use of PatientToc™. Post-visit site observation debriefs were also audio-recorded. Verbatim transcripts of all recordings were coded using deductive/inductive approaches and intra-/inter-site summaries were produced identifying potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs. A stakeholder advisory panel engaged in an Evidence-Based Quality Improvement (EBQI) implementation process. This included “member checking” and prioritizing findings, and feedback on the adapted PatientToc™ application, implementation strategies, and accompanying toolkit for community pharmacy implementation. Results: Two primary care practices, nine pharmacies, and 89 individuals participated. Eight major themes (four barriers and four facilitators) and 14 recommendations were identified. Throughout the four EBQI sessions, the panel (1) confirmed findings; (2) designated high priority recommendations: (a) explain PatientToc™ and its benefits clearly and simply to patients, (b) ensure patients can complete questionnaires within 10 min, and (c) provide hands-on training/resources for pharmacy teams; and (3) provided feedback on the adapted PatientToc™ application and finalized toolkit items for initial community pharmacy implementation. Conclusions: Adoption of electronically captured PROs in community pharmacies is warranted. The implementation strategies systematically developed in this study can serve as a model for implementation of technology-driven health information patient care services, in the understudied context of community pharmacies.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	29
Journal	Implementation Science Communications
Volume	3
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-022-00277-3
State	Published - Dec 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was supported by grant number R18HS025943 (PI: Snyder) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Dr. Adeoye-Olatunde was supported by the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute funded in part by award number TL1TR001107 (A. Shekhar, PI) from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences Award, outside the work submitted. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A portion of Dr. Curran’s salary is supported by a grant (UL1TR003107) awarded to the Translation Research Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s).

Keywords

Community pharmacy
Health information technology
Patient-reported outcomes

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Adeoye-Olatunde, O. A., Curran, G. M., Jaynes, H. A., Hillman, L. A., Sangasubana, N., Chewning, B. A., Kreling, D. H., Schommer, J. C., Murawski, M. M., Perkins, S. M., & Snyder, M. E. (2022). Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy: a mixed-methods study. Implementation Science Communications, 3(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-022-00277-3

Adeoye-Olatunde, OA, Curran, GM, Jaynes, HA, Hillman, LA, Sangasubana, N, Chewning, BA, Kreling, DH, Schommer, JC, Murawski, MM, Perkins, SM & Snyder, ME 2022, 'Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy: a mixed-methods study', Implementation Science Communications, vol. 3, no. 1, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-022-00277-3

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abstract = "Background: Medication non-adherence is a significant public health problem. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a rich data source to facilitate resolution of medication non-adherence. PatientToc{\texttrademark} is an electronic PRO data collection software originally implemented at primary care practices in California, United States (US). Currently, the use of standardized PRO data collection systems in US community pharmacies is limited. Thus, we are conducting a two-phase evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc{\texttrademark} to US Midwestern community pharmacies. This report focuses on the first phase of the evaluation. The objective of this phase was to prepare for implementation of PatientToc{\texttrademark} in community pharmacies by conducting a pre-implementation developmental formative evaluation to (1) identify potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations to PatientToc{\texttrademark} implementation and (2) create a draft implementation toolkit. Methods: Data collection consisted of demographics, observations, audio-recorded contextual inquiries, and semi-structured interviews with staff (e.g., primary care providers, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians) and patients during 1-day site visits to a purposive sample of (1) primary care practices currently using PatientToc{\texttrademark} and (2) community pharmacies in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota interested in the future use of PatientToc{\texttrademark}. Post-visit site observation debriefs were also audio-recorded. Verbatim transcripts of all recordings were coded using deductive/inductive approaches and intra-/inter-site summaries were produced identifying potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs. A stakeholder advisory panel engaged in an Evidence-Based Quality Improvement (EBQI) implementation process. This included “member checking” and prioritizing findings, and feedback on the adapted PatientToc{\texttrademark} application, implementation strategies, and accompanying toolkit for community pharmacy implementation. Results: Two primary care practices, nine pharmacies, and 89 individuals participated. Eight major themes (four barriers and four facilitators) and 14 recommendations were identified. Throughout the four EBQI sessions, the panel (1) confirmed findings; (2) designated high priority recommendations: (a) explain PatientToc{\texttrademark} and its benefits clearly and simply to patients, (b) ensure patients can complete questionnaires within 10 min, and (c) provide hands-on training/resources for pharmacy teams; and (3) provided feedback on the adapted PatientToc{\texttrademark} application and finalized toolkit items for initial community pharmacy implementation. Conclusions: Adoption of electronically captured PROs in community pharmacies is warranted. The implementation strategies systematically developed in this study can serve as a model for implementation of technology-driven health information patient care services, in the understudied context of community pharmacies.",

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author = "Adeoye-Olatunde, {Omolola A.} and Curran, {Geoffrey M.} and Jaynes, {Heather A.} and Hillman, {Lisa A.} and Nisaratana Sangasubana and Chewning, {Betty A.} and Kreling, {David H.} and Schommer, {Jon C.} and Murawski, {Matthew M.} and Perkins, {Susan M.} and Snyder, {Margie E.}",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by grant number R18HS025943 (PI: Snyder) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Dr. Adeoye-Olatunde was supported by the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute funded in part by award number TL1TR001107 (A. Shekhar, PI) from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences Award, outside the work submitted. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A portion of Dr. Curran{\textquoteright}s salary is supported by a grant (UL1TR003107) awarded to the Translation Research Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, The Author(s).",

year = "2022",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1186/s43058-022-00277-3",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "3",

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T1 - Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy

T2 - a mixed-methods study

AU - Adeoye-Olatunde, Omolola A.

AU - Curran, Geoffrey M.

AU - Jaynes, Heather A.

AU - Hillman, Lisa A.

AU - Sangasubana, Nisaratana

AU - Chewning, Betty A.

AU - Kreling, David H.

AU - Schommer, Jon C.

AU - Murawski, Matthew M.

AU - Perkins, Susan M.

AU - Snyder, Margie E.

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by grant number R18HS025943 (PI: Snyder) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Dr. Adeoye-Olatunde was supported by the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute funded in part by award number TL1TR001107 (A. Shekhar, PI) from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences Award, outside the work submitted. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A portion of Dr. Curran’s salary is supported by a grant (UL1TR003107) awarded to the Translation Research Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).

PY - 2022/12

Y1 - 2022/12

N2 - Background: Medication non-adherence is a significant public health problem. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a rich data source to facilitate resolution of medication non-adherence. PatientToc™ is an electronic PRO data collection software originally implemented at primary care practices in California, United States (US). Currently, the use of standardized PRO data collection systems in US community pharmacies is limited. Thus, we are conducting a two-phase evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ to US Midwestern community pharmacies. This report focuses on the first phase of the evaluation. The objective of this phase was to prepare for implementation of PatientToc™ in community pharmacies by conducting a pre-implementation developmental formative evaluation to (1) identify potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations to PatientToc™ implementation and (2) create a draft implementation toolkit. Methods: Data collection consisted of demographics, observations, audio-recorded contextual inquiries, and semi-structured interviews with staff (e.g., primary care providers, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians) and patients during 1-day site visits to a purposive sample of (1) primary care practices currently using PatientToc™ and (2) community pharmacies in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota interested in the future use of PatientToc™. Post-visit site observation debriefs were also audio-recorded. Verbatim transcripts of all recordings were coded using deductive/inductive approaches and intra-/inter-site summaries were produced identifying potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs. A stakeholder advisory panel engaged in an Evidence-Based Quality Improvement (EBQI) implementation process. This included “member checking” and prioritizing findings, and feedback on the adapted PatientToc™ application, implementation strategies, and accompanying toolkit for community pharmacy implementation. Results: Two primary care practices, nine pharmacies, and 89 individuals participated. Eight major themes (four barriers and four facilitators) and 14 recommendations were identified. Throughout the four EBQI sessions, the panel (1) confirmed findings; (2) designated high priority recommendations: (a) explain PatientToc™ and its benefits clearly and simply to patients, (b) ensure patients can complete questionnaires within 10 min, and (c) provide hands-on training/resources for pharmacy teams; and (3) provided feedback on the adapted PatientToc™ application and finalized toolkit items for initial community pharmacy implementation. Conclusions: Adoption of electronically captured PROs in community pharmacies is warranted. The implementation strategies systematically developed in this study can serve as a model for implementation of technology-driven health information patient care services, in the understudied context of community pharmacies.

AB - Background: Medication non-adherence is a significant public health problem. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a rich data source to facilitate resolution of medication non-adherence. PatientToc™ is an electronic PRO data collection software originally implemented at primary care practices in California, United States (US). Currently, the use of standardized PRO data collection systems in US community pharmacies is limited. Thus, we are conducting a two-phase evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ to US Midwestern community pharmacies. This report focuses on the first phase of the evaluation. The objective of this phase was to prepare for implementation of PatientToc™ in community pharmacies by conducting a pre-implementation developmental formative evaluation to (1) identify potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations to PatientToc™ implementation and (2) create a draft implementation toolkit. Methods: Data collection consisted of demographics, observations, audio-recorded contextual inquiries, and semi-structured interviews with staff (e.g., primary care providers, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians) and patients during 1-day site visits to a purposive sample of (1) primary care practices currently using PatientToc™ and (2) community pharmacies in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota interested in the future use of PatientToc™. Post-visit site observation debriefs were also audio-recorded. Verbatim transcripts of all recordings were coded using deductive/inductive approaches and intra-/inter-site summaries were produced identifying potential barriers, facilitators, and actionable recommendations mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs. A stakeholder advisory panel engaged in an Evidence-Based Quality Improvement (EBQI) implementation process. This included “member checking” and prioritizing findings, and feedback on the adapted PatientToc™ application, implementation strategies, and accompanying toolkit for community pharmacy implementation. Results: Two primary care practices, nine pharmacies, and 89 individuals participated. Eight major themes (four barriers and four facilitators) and 14 recommendations were identified. Throughout the four EBQI sessions, the panel (1) confirmed findings; (2) designated high priority recommendations: (a) explain PatientToc™ and its benefits clearly and simply to patients, (b) ensure patients can complete questionnaires within 10 min, and (c) provide hands-on training/resources for pharmacy teams; and (3) provided feedback on the adapted PatientToc™ application and finalized toolkit items for initial community pharmacy implementation. Conclusions: Adoption of electronically captured PROs in community pharmacies is warranted. The implementation strategies systematically developed in this study can serve as a model for implementation of technology-driven health information patient care services, in the understudied context of community pharmacies.

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KW - Health information technology

KW - Patient-reported outcomes

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Preparing for the spread of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data collection from primary care to community pharmacy: a mixed-methods study

Abstract

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