Regional, multi-lake anthropogenic changes revealed through macroscale paleolimnology of diatom assemblages

Euan D. Reavie; Katya E. Kovalenko; Mark B. Edlund; Joy M. Ramstack Hobbs

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111105

Regional, multi-lake anthropogenic changes revealed through macroscale paleolimnology of diatom assemblages

Euan D. Reavie, Katya E. Kovalenko, Mark B. Edlund, Joy M. Ramstack Hobbs

Natural Resources Research Institute

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

We examined the recent paleolimnological diatom record from 109 mostly Minnesota (USA) lakes to determine whether anthropogenic impacts could be detected across a large geographic region and associated with a known stressor such as agriculture or climate change. Four periods of diatom assemblage reorganization were observed: (1) a pre-impact period; (2) a period of early Euro-American settlement and development; (3) a mid-20th century period of stabilization in impacts likely related to remediation and landscape recovery; and (4) a recent period of rapid change likely due to multiple stressors. Shallow and deep lakes expressed variations in their taxonomic character and historical changes in the diatom assemblages, but the amount of change was not specifically associated with contemporary agricultural or modern in-lake nutrient status. Lake depth is a major determinant of how a lake will respond to stressors and manifest change in primary producers; however, lake- or ecoregion-specific considerations will continue to inform lake management. Cultural eutrophication caused several of these historical changes to algal communities, but it is apparent that the amount of recent assemblage reorganization is a result of multiple concurrent stressors that may include climate change and the effects of non-native species infestations.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	111105
Journal	Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Volume	601
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111105
State	Published - Sep 1 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). This work was also funded in part by the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute with support from the MnDRIVE initiative. The authors acknowledge the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (MSI) at the University of Minnesota for providing resources that contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce , under grant No. R/CE-05-14 , (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment ( Alexson et al., 2018 ); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB- 0919095 ( Reavie, 2009 ; Reavie and Edlund, 2013 ); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program ( Reavie, 2013 ); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 ( Reavie et al., 2017b ); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA) , and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program ( Reavie et al., 2017a ); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District ( Reavie and Baratono, 2007 ); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Myrbo et al., 2016 ); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2010 ); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2011 ); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017b ); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) ( Almendinger et al., 2010 ); Dakota Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a ); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Christensen et al., 2010 ); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District ( Hobbs, 2013 ); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University ( Kramer, 2006 ); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council ( Edlund et al., 2009a ); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund et al., 2016 ; Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017a ); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2009 ); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Edlund et al., 2011 ); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Hobbs et al., 2016 ); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2016 ); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2008 ; Edlund et al., 2015 ; Williamson et al., 2016 ); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015 ); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service ( Ramstack et al., 2007 ); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2012 ); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP ( Serieyssol et al., 2009 ; Edlund et al., 2014 ).

Funding Information:
This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce, under grant No. R/CE-05-14, (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment (Alexson et al. 2018); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-0919095 (Reavie, 2009; Reavie and Edlund, 2013); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program (Reavie, 2013); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 (Reavie et al. 2017a, 2017b); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA), and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al. 2017); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District (Reavie and Baratono, 2007); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Myrbo et al. 2016); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering (Ramstack and Edlund, 2010); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting (Ramstack and Edlund, 2011); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017b); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) (Almendinger et al. 2010); Scott Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Christensen et al. 2010); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District (Hobbs, 2013); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University (Kramer, 2006); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council (Edlund et al. 2009a); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund et al. 2016; Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017a); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund and Ramstack, 2009); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Edlund et al. 2011); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Hobbs et al. 2016); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2016); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department (Ramstack and Edlund, 2008; Edlund et al. 2015; Williamson et al. 2016); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service (Ramstack et al. 2007); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Edlund and Ramstack, 2012); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP (Serieyssol et al. 2009; Edlund et al. 2014). This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). This work was also funded in part by the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute with support from the MnDRIVE initiative. The authors acknowledge the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (MSI) at the University of Minnesota for providing resources that contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce, under grant No. R/CE-05-14, (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment (Alexson et al. 2018); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-0919095 (Reavie, 2009; Reavie and Edlund, 2013); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program (Reavie, 2013); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 (Reavie et al. 2017b); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA), and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al. 2017a); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District (Reavie and Baratono, 2007); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Myrbo et al. 2016); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering (Ramstack and Edlund, 2010); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting (Ramstack and Edlund, 2011); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017b); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) (Almendinger et al. 2010); Dakota Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Christensen et al. 2010); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District (Hobbs, 2013); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University (Kramer, 2006); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council (Edlund et al. 2009a); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund et al. 2016; Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017a); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund and Ramstack, 2009); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Edlund et al. 2011); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Hobbs et al. 2016); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2016); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department (Ramstack and Edlund, 2008; Edlund et al. 2015; Williamson et al. 2016); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service (Ramstack et al. 2007); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Edlund and Ramstack, 2012); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP (Serieyssol et al. 2009; Edlund et al. 2014).

Funding Information:
This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce , under grant No. R/CE-05-14 , (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment ( Alexson et al., 2018 ); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB- 0919095 ( Reavie, 2009 ; Reavie and Edlund, 2013 ); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program ( Reavie, 2013 ); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 ( Reavie et al., 2017a, 2017b ); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA) , and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al., 2017); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District ( Reavie and Baratono, 2007 ); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Myrbo et al., 2016 ); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2010 ); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2011 ); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017b ); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) ( Almendinger et al., 2010 ); Scott Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a ); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Christensen et al., 2010 ); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District ( Hobbs, 2013 ); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University ( Kramer, 2006 ); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council ( Edlund et al., 2009a ); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund et al., 2016 ; Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017a ); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2009 ); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Edlund et al., 2011 ); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Hobbs et al., 2016 ); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2016 ); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2008 ; Edlund et al., 2015 ; Williamson et al., 2016 ); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015 ); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service ( Ramstack et al., 2007 ); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2012 ); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP ( Serieyssol et al., 2009 ; Edlund et al., 2014 ).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords

Ecoregions
Eutrophication
Fossil record
Lake depth
Minnesota
Stressors

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access

10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111105

OpenUrl availability

Full text

Cite this

@article{5905379327d04af6976928c2d8408d1e,

title = "Regional, multi-lake anthropogenic changes revealed through macroscale paleolimnology of diatom assemblages",

abstract = "We examined the recent paleolimnological diatom record from 109 mostly Minnesota (USA) lakes to determine whether anthropogenic impacts could be detected across a large geographic region and associated with a known stressor such as agriculture or climate change. Four periods of diatom assemblage reorganization were observed: (1) a pre-impact period; (2) a period of early Euro-American settlement and development; (3) a mid-20th century period of stabilization in impacts likely related to remediation and landscape recovery; and (4) a recent period of rapid change likely due to multiple stressors. Shallow and deep lakes expressed variations in their taxonomic character and historical changes in the diatom assemblages, but the amount of change was not specifically associated with contemporary agricultural or modern in-lake nutrient status. Lake depth is a major determinant of how a lake will respond to stressors and manifest change in primary producers; however, lake- or ecoregion-specific considerations will continue to inform lake management. Cultural eutrophication caused several of these historical changes to algal communities, but it is apparent that the amount of recent assemblage reorganization is a result of multiple concurrent stressors that may include climate change and the effects of non-native species infestations.",

keywords = "Ecoregions, Eutrophication, Fossil record, Lake depth, Minnesota, Stressors",

author = "Reavie, {Euan D.} and Kovalenko, {Katya E.} and Edlund, {Mark B.} and {Ramstack Hobbs}, {Joy M.}",

note = "Funding Information: This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). This work was also funded in part by the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute with support from the MnDRIVE initiative. The authors acknowledge the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (MSI) at the University of Minnesota for providing resources that contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce , under grant No. R/CE-05-14 , (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment ( Alexson et al., 2018 ); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB- 0919095 ( Reavie, 2009 ; Reavie and Edlund, 2013 ); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program ( Reavie, 2013 ); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 ( Reavie et al., 2017b ); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA) , and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program ( Reavie et al., 2017a ); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District ( Reavie and Baratono, 2007 ); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Myrbo et al., 2016 ); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2010 ); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2011 ); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017b ); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) ( Almendinger et al., 2010 ); Dakota Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a ); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Christensen et al., 2010 ); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District ( Hobbs, 2013 ); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University ( Kramer, 2006 ); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council ( Edlund et al., 2009a ); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund et al., 2016 ; Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017a ); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2009 ); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Edlund et al., 2011 ); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Hobbs et al., 2016 ); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2016 ); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2008 ; Edlund et al., 2015 ; Williamson et al., 2016 ); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015 ); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service ( Ramstack et al., 2007 ); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2012 ); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP ( Serieyssol et al., 2009 ; Edlund et al., 2014 ). Funding Information: This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce, under grant No. R/CE-05-14, (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment (Alexson et al. 2018); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-0919095 (Reavie, 2009; Reavie and Edlund, 2013); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program (Reavie, 2013); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 (Reavie et al. 2017a, 2017b); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA), and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al. 2017); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District (Reavie and Baratono, 2007); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Myrbo et al. 2016); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering (Ramstack and Edlund, 2010); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting (Ramstack and Edlund, 2011); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017b); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) (Almendinger et al. 2010); Scott Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Christensen et al. 2010); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District (Hobbs, 2013); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University (Kramer, 2006); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council (Edlund et al. 2009a); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund et al. 2016; Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017a); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund and Ramstack, 2009); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Edlund et al. 2011); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Hobbs et al. 2016); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2016); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department (Ramstack and Edlund, 2008; Edlund et al. 2015; Williamson et al. 2016); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service (Ramstack et al. 2007); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Edlund and Ramstack, 2012); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP (Serieyssol et al. 2009; Edlund et al. 2014). This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). This work was also funded in part by the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute with support from the MnDRIVE initiative. The authors acknowledge the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (MSI) at the University of Minnesota for providing resources that contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce, under grant No. R/CE-05-14, (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment (Alexson et al. 2018); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-0919095 (Reavie, 2009; Reavie and Edlund, 2013); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program (Reavie, 2013); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 (Reavie et al. 2017b); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA), and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al. 2017a); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District (Reavie and Baratono, 2007); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Myrbo et al. 2016); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering (Ramstack and Edlund, 2010); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting (Ramstack and Edlund, 2011); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017b); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) (Almendinger et al. 2010); Dakota Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Christensen et al. 2010); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District (Hobbs, 2013); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University (Kramer, 2006); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council (Edlund et al. 2009a); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund et al. 2016; Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017a); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund and Ramstack, 2009); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Edlund et al. 2011); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Hobbs et al. 2016); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2016); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department (Ramstack and Edlund, 2008; Edlund et al. 2015; Williamson et al. 2016); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service (Ramstack et al. 2007); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Edlund and Ramstack, 2012); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP (Serieyssol et al. 2009; Edlund et al. 2014). Funding Information: This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce , under grant No. R/CE-05-14 , (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment ( Alexson et al., 2018 ); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB- 0919095 ( Reavie, 2009 ; Reavie and Edlund, 2013 ); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program ( Reavie, 2013 ); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 ( Reavie et al., 2017a, 2017b ); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA) , and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al., 2017); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District ( Reavie and Baratono, 2007 ); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Myrbo et al., 2016 ); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2010 ); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2011 ); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017b ); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) ( Almendinger et al., 2010 ); Scott Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a ); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Christensen et al., 2010 ); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District ( Hobbs, 2013 ); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University ( Kramer, 2006 ); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council ( Edlund et al., 2009a ); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund et al., 2016 ; Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017a ); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2009 ); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Edlund et al., 2011 ); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Hobbs et al., 2016 ); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2016 ); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2008 ; Edlund et al., 2015 ; Williamson et al., 2016 ); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015 ); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service ( Ramstack et al., 2007 ); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2012 ); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP ( Serieyssol et al., 2009 ; Edlund et al., 2014 ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2022",

month = sep,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111105",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "601",

journal = "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology",

issn = "0031-0182",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Regional, multi-lake anthropogenic changes revealed through macroscale paleolimnology of diatom assemblages

AU - Reavie, Euan D.

AU - Kovalenko, Katya E.

AU - Edlund, Mark B.

AU - Ramstack Hobbs, Joy M.

N1 - Funding Information: This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). This work was also funded in part by the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute with support from the MnDRIVE initiative. The authors acknowledge the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (MSI) at the University of Minnesota for providing resources that contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce , under grant No. R/CE-05-14 , (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment ( Alexson et al., 2018 ); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB- 0919095 ( Reavie, 2009 ; Reavie and Edlund, 2013 ); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program ( Reavie, 2013 ); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 ( Reavie et al., 2017b ); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA) , and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program ( Reavie et al., 2017a ); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District ( Reavie and Baratono, 2007 ); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Myrbo et al., 2016 ); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2010 ); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2011 ); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017b ); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) ( Almendinger et al., 2010 ); Dakota Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a ); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Christensen et al., 2010 ); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District ( Hobbs, 2013 ); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University ( Kramer, 2006 ); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council ( Edlund et al., 2009a ); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund et al., 2016 ; Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017a ); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2009 ); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Edlund et al., 2011 ); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Hobbs et al., 2016 ); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2016 ); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2008 ; Edlund et al., 2015 ; Williamson et al., 2016 ); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015 ); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service ( Ramstack et al., 2007 ); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2012 ); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP ( Serieyssol et al., 2009 ; Edlund et al., 2014 ). Funding Information: This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce, under grant No. R/CE-05-14, (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment (Alexson et al. 2018); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-0919095 (Reavie, 2009; Reavie and Edlund, 2013); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program (Reavie, 2013); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 (Reavie et al. 2017a, 2017b); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA), and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al. 2017); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District (Reavie and Baratono, 2007); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Myrbo et al. 2016); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering (Ramstack and Edlund, 2010); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting (Ramstack and Edlund, 2011); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017b); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) (Almendinger et al. 2010); Scott Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Christensen et al. 2010); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District (Hobbs, 2013); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University (Kramer, 2006); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council (Edlund et al. 2009a); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund et al. 2016; Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017a); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund and Ramstack, 2009); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Edlund et al. 2011); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Hobbs et al. 2016); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2016); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department (Ramstack and Edlund, 2008; Edlund et al. 2015; Williamson et al. 2016); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service (Ramstack et al. 2007); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Edlund and Ramstack, 2012); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP (Serieyssol et al. 2009; Edlund et al. 2014). This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). This work was also funded in part by the University of Minnesota Informatics Institute with support from the MnDRIVE initiative. The authors acknowledge the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (MSI) at the University of Minnesota for providing resources that contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce, under grant No. R/CE-05-14, (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment (Alexson et al. 2018); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-0919095 (Reavie, 2009; Reavie and Edlund, 2013); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program (Reavie, 2013); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 (Reavie et al. 2017b); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA), and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al. 2017a); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District (Reavie and Baratono, 2007); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Myrbo et al. 2016); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering (Ramstack and Edlund, 2010); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting (Ramstack and Edlund, 2011); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017b); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) (Almendinger et al. 2010); Dakota Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Christensen et al. 2010); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District (Hobbs, 2013); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University (Kramer, 2006); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council (Edlund et al. 2009a); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund et al. 2016; Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2017a); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Edlund and Ramstack, 2009); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Edlund et al. 2011); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network (Hobbs et al. 2016); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 (Ramstack Hobbs et al. 2016); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department (Ramstack and Edlund, 2008; Edlund et al. 2015; Williamson et al. 2016); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service (Ramstack et al. 2007); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Edlund and Ramstack, 2012); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP (Serieyssol et al. 2009; Edlund et al. 2014). Funding Information: This project was funded in part by the National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network under Cooperative Agreement P20AC00364-01 (MBE, JMRH), and Natural Resources Research Institute State Special funds (EDR, KEK). Project codes in Table S1 refer to the following projects, funding agencies and associated publications: SLRE paleo = St. Louis River Estuary paleolimnology study, funded by (1) Minnesota Sea Grant College Program supported by the NOAA office of Sea Grant, United States Department of Commerce , under grant No. R/CE-05-14 , (2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Amendment ( Alexson et al., 2018 ); Itasca SWCD = Itasca County paleolimnology study, funded by the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District and the National Science Foundation under grant DEB- 0919095 ( Reavie, 2009 ; Reavie and Edlund, 2013 ); WICOLA = White Iron Chain of Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment and Clean Water Partnership program ( Reavie, 2013 ); GLNPO = Great Lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement GL-00E23101-2 ( Reavie et al., 2017a, 2017b ); LoW = Lake of the Woods paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency under the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment (CWLLA) , and Clean Water Partnership (CWP) program (Reavie et al., 2017); LoW SWCD = Lake of the Woods (Zippel Bay) paleolimnology study, funded by the Lake of the Woods Soil and Water Conservation District ( Reavie and Baratono, 2007 ); Bad River = Bad River Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Myrbo et al., 2016 ); Barr_Ramsey = Ramsey County (MN) lakes paleolimnology study, funded by Barr Engineering ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2010 ); CH2MHill_RPBCWD = paleolimnology study of Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District lakes, funded by CH2M-Hill Consulting ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2011 ); CLFLWD = paleolimnology study, funded by the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017b ); ConGrass = paleolimnology study of lakes in conservation grasslands (MN), funded by the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) ( Almendinger et al., 2010 ); Scott Co = Dean Lake paleolimnology study, funded by Scott County Natural Resources and Scott County Watershed Management Organization ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014a ); GRPO = Grand Portage Tribal Lands paleolimnology study, funded by the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Christensen et al., 2010 ); Hobbs_Spring = Scott County paleolimnology studies, funded by the Prior Lake Spring Lake Watershed District ( Hobbs, 2013 ); Kramer MSc = High Island Lake (Sibley Co) paleolimnology study, funded by the Mankato State University ( Kramer, 2006 ); LSC = Lake St Croix paleolimnology study, funded by the Metropolitan Council ( Edlund et al., 2009a ); MPCA = Southwest Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund et al., 2016 ; Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2017a ); MPCA_DL = North-central Minnesota lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2009 ); NPS_I&M = Great Lakes Network paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Edlund et al., 2011 ); NPS_Nisotope = National Park Service nitrogen isotope paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Network ( Hobbs et al., 2016 ); NSF_Shallow = Minnesota shallow lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the National Science Foundation DEB-0919095 ( Ramstack Hobbs et al., 2016 ); POLKCO = Polk County (Wisconsin) paleolimnology studies, funded by the Polk County Land and Water Resources Department ( Ramstack and Edlund, 2008 ; Edlund et al., 2015 ; Williamson et al., 2016 ); RCWD = Lake Peltier paleolimnology study, funded by the Rice Creek Watershed District ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); RPBCWD = Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District paleolimnology studies, funded by the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District ( Ramstack Hobbs and Edlund, 2014b, 2015 ); SCWetland = St. Croix River wetlands paleolimnology study, funded by the National Park Service ( Ramstack et al., 2007 ); SLICE = Sentinel Lakes in a Changing Environment paleolimnology study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( Edlund and Ramstack, 2012 ); SRWD = Sauk Lake and Sauk River watershed paleolimnology study, funded by the Sauk River Watershed District (Edlund and Ramstack, 2007 ); VOYA = Voyageurs National Park large lakes paleolimnology study, funded by the United States Geological Service-NRPP ( Serieyssol et al., 2009 ; Edlund et al., 2014 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2022/9/1

Y1 - 2022/9/1

N2 - We examined the recent paleolimnological diatom record from 109 mostly Minnesota (USA) lakes to determine whether anthropogenic impacts could be detected across a large geographic region and associated with a known stressor such as agriculture or climate change. Four periods of diatom assemblage reorganization were observed: (1) a pre-impact period; (2) a period of early Euro-American settlement and development; (3) a mid-20th century period of stabilization in impacts likely related to remediation and landscape recovery; and (4) a recent period of rapid change likely due to multiple stressors. Shallow and deep lakes expressed variations in their taxonomic character and historical changes in the diatom assemblages, but the amount of change was not specifically associated with contemporary agricultural or modern in-lake nutrient status. Lake depth is a major determinant of how a lake will respond to stressors and manifest change in primary producers; however, lake- or ecoregion-specific considerations will continue to inform lake management. Cultural eutrophication caused several of these historical changes to algal communities, but it is apparent that the amount of recent assemblage reorganization is a result of multiple concurrent stressors that may include climate change and the effects of non-native species infestations.

AB - We examined the recent paleolimnological diatom record from 109 mostly Minnesota (USA) lakes to determine whether anthropogenic impacts could be detected across a large geographic region and associated with a known stressor such as agriculture or climate change. Four periods of diatom assemblage reorganization were observed: (1) a pre-impact period; (2) a period of early Euro-American settlement and development; (3) a mid-20th century period of stabilization in impacts likely related to remediation and landscape recovery; and (4) a recent period of rapid change likely due to multiple stressors. Shallow and deep lakes expressed variations in their taxonomic character and historical changes in the diatom assemblages, but the amount of change was not specifically associated with contemporary agricultural or modern in-lake nutrient status. Lake depth is a major determinant of how a lake will respond to stressors and manifest change in primary producers; however, lake- or ecoregion-specific considerations will continue to inform lake management. Cultural eutrophication caused several of these historical changes to algal communities, but it is apparent that the amount of recent assemblage reorganization is a result of multiple concurrent stressors that may include climate change and the effects of non-native species infestations.

KW - Ecoregions

KW - Eutrophication

KW - Fossil record

KW - Lake depth

KW - Minnesota

KW - Stressors

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85132763986&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85132763986&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111105

DO - 10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111105

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85132763986

SN - 0031-0182

VL - 601

JO - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

JF - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

M1 - 111105

ER -

Regional, multi-lake anthropogenic changes revealed through macroscale paleolimnology of diatom assemblages

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access

OpenUrl availability

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this