TY - JOUR
T1 - Socioeconomic status and coronary heart disease risk factor trends
T2 - The Minnesota heart survey
AU - Luepker, Russell V.
AU - Rosamond, Wayne D.
AU - Murphy, Robert
AU - Sprafka, J. Michael
AU - Folsom, Aaron R.
AU - McGovern, Paul G.
AU - Blackburn, Henry
PY - 1993/11
Y1 - 1993/11
N2 - Background. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators including education, income, and occupation are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, morbidity, and mortality. In most industrialized nations, individuals with less education, lower income, and blue collar occupations have the highest CHD rates. It is suggested by some that these differences by SES are increasing even as age-adjusted CHD mortality declines. Methods and Results. The Minnesota Heart Survey includes measurement of CHD risk factors and behaviors in population-based samples of Minneapolis-St. Paul adults aged 25 to 74 years in 1980 to 1982 (N=3243) and 1985 to 1987 (N=4538). Education was significantly and inversely related to blood pressure, cigarette smoking, body mass index, and a summary risk score for both men and women. Serum cholesterol was inversely related to education in women but not in men. Education was positively associated with leisure physical activity and health knowledge. Associations with household income were less consistent in magnitude and direction. Risk characteristics improved significantly between the 1980 to 1982 and 1985 to 1987 surveys. These changes were similar across education and household income levels. Conclusions. Improvement in CHD risk factors over time unrelated to education or income suggests that population-wide factors such as improved health knowledge, availability of healthy food items, hypertension treatment, and restrictions on cigarette smoking are operating beneficially in all SES groups. Although the SES gradient in risk factors is not increasing, it remains substantial and indicates directions for future prevention efforts.
AB - Background. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators including education, income, and occupation are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, morbidity, and mortality. In most industrialized nations, individuals with less education, lower income, and blue collar occupations have the highest CHD rates. It is suggested by some that these differences by SES are increasing even as age-adjusted CHD mortality declines. Methods and Results. The Minnesota Heart Survey includes measurement of CHD risk factors and behaviors in population-based samples of Minneapolis-St. Paul adults aged 25 to 74 years in 1980 to 1982 (N=3243) and 1985 to 1987 (N=4538). Education was significantly and inversely related to blood pressure, cigarette smoking, body mass index, and a summary risk score for both men and women. Serum cholesterol was inversely related to education in women but not in men. Education was positively associated with leisure physical activity and health knowledge. Associations with household income were less consistent in magnitude and direction. Risk characteristics improved significantly between the 1980 to 1982 and 1985 to 1987 surveys. These changes were similar across education and household income levels. Conclusions. Improvement in CHD risk factors over time unrelated to education or income suggests that population-wide factors such as improved health knowledge, availability of healthy food items, hypertension treatment, and restrictions on cigarette smoking are operating beneficially in all SES groups. Although the SES gradient in risk factors is not increasing, it remains substantial and indicates directions for future prevention efforts.
KW - Coronary heart disease
KW - Risk factors
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U2 - 10.1161/01.CIR.88.5.2172
DO - 10.1161/01.CIR.88.5.2172
M3 - Article
C2 - 8222112
AN - SCOPUS:0027428953
SN - 0009-7322
VL - 88
SP - 2172
EP - 2179
JO - Circulation
JF - Circulation
IS - 5
ER -