TY - JOUR
T1 - Survival of a surrogate African swine fever virus-like algal virus in feed matrices using a 23-day commercial United States truck transport model
AU - Palowski, Amanda
AU - Balestreri, Cecilia
AU - Urriola, Pedro E.
AU - van de Ligt, Jennifer L.G.
AU - Sampedro, Fernando
AU - Dee, Scott
AU - Shah, Apoorva
AU - Yancy, Haile F.
AU - Shurson, Gerald C.
AU - Schroeder, Declan C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This project was funded by SAM Nutrition.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2022 Palowski, Balestreri, Urriola, van de Ligt, Sampedro, Dee, Shah, Yancy, Shurson and Schroeder.
PY - 2022/12/9
Y1 - 2022/12/9
N2 - African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) and is stable in a variety of environments, including animal feed ingredients as shown in previous laboratory experiments and simulations. Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV) is another member of the NCLDVs, which has a restricted host range limited to a species of marine algae called Emiliania huxleyi. This algal NCLDV has many similar morphological and physical characteristics to ASFV thereby making it a safe surrogate, with results that are applicable to ASFV and suitable for use in real-world experiments. Here we inoculated conventional soybean meal (SBMC), organic soybean meal (SBMO), and swine complete feed (CF) matrices with EhV strain 86 (EhV-86) at a concentration of 6.6 × 107 virus g−1, and then transported these samples in the trailer of a commercial transport vehicle for 23 days across 10,183 km covering 29 states in various regions of the United States. Upon return, samples were evaluated for virus presence and viability using a previously validated viability qPCR (V-qPCR) method. Results showed that EhV-86 was detected in all matrices and no degradation in EhV-86 viability was observed after the 23-day transportation event. Additionally, sampling sensitivity (we recorded unexpected increases, as high as 49% in one matrix, when virus was recovered at the end of the sampling period) rather than virus degradation best explains the variation of virus quantity observed after the 23-day transport simulation. These results demonstrate for the first time that ASFV-like NCLDVs can retain viability in swine feed matrices during long-term transport across the continental United States.
AB - African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) and is stable in a variety of environments, including animal feed ingredients as shown in previous laboratory experiments and simulations. Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV) is another member of the NCLDVs, which has a restricted host range limited to a species of marine algae called Emiliania huxleyi. This algal NCLDV has many similar morphological and physical characteristics to ASFV thereby making it a safe surrogate, with results that are applicable to ASFV and suitable for use in real-world experiments. Here we inoculated conventional soybean meal (SBMC), organic soybean meal (SBMO), and swine complete feed (CF) matrices with EhV strain 86 (EhV-86) at a concentration of 6.6 × 107 virus g−1, and then transported these samples in the trailer of a commercial transport vehicle for 23 days across 10,183 km covering 29 states in various regions of the United States. Upon return, samples were evaluated for virus presence and viability using a previously validated viability qPCR (V-qPCR) method. Results showed that EhV-86 was detected in all matrices and no degradation in EhV-86 viability was observed after the 23-day transportation event. Additionally, sampling sensitivity (we recorded unexpected increases, as high as 49% in one matrix, when virus was recovered at the end of the sampling period) rather than virus degradation best explains the variation of virus quantity observed after the 23-day transport simulation. These results demonstrate for the first time that ASFV-like NCLDVs can retain viability in swine feed matrices during long-term transport across the continental United States.
KW - African swine fever virus
KW - Emiliania huxleyi virus
KW - NCLDVs
KW - feed
KW - transport
KW - viability PCR
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85144816930&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85144816930&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1059118
DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1059118
M3 - Article
C2 - 36569067
AN - SCOPUS:85144816930
SN - 1664-302X
VL - 13
JO - Frontiers in Microbiology
JF - Frontiers in Microbiology
M1 - 1059118
ER -