The challenge of fake news: Intellectual survival in the context of multiple representations and perspectives

In this chapter, we identify challenges that fake news poses to our intellectual survival. We view fake news as a contaminant to our information ecosystem and propose the Fake News Pyramid by incorporating parallels to models of disease spread. Our discussion of challenges and solutions is situated in the "information disorder" framework, with a distinction between the human and technology level at each phase of the news cycle. We conclude that to comprehensively combat the creation, exposure, and distribution of fake news, we must propose actionable solutions drawing on multiple perspectives and representations.