The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses

Nevin D. Young; Frédéric Debellé; Giles E.D. Oldroyd; Rene Geurts; Steven B. Cannon; Michael K. Udvardi; Vagner A. Benedito; Klaus F.X. Mayer; Jérôme Gouzy; Heiko Schoof; Yves Van De Peer; Sebastian Proost; Douglas R. Cook; Blake C. Meyers; Manuel Spannagl; Foo Cheung; Stéphane De Mita; Vivek Krishnakumar; Heidrun Gundlach; Shiguo Zhou; Joann Mudge; Arvind K. Bharti; Jeremy D. Murray; Marina A. Naoumkina; Benjamin Rosen; Kevin A.T. Silverstein; Haibao Tang; Stephane Rombauts; Patrick X. Zhao; Peng Zhou; Valérie Barbe; Philippe Bardou; Michael Bechner; Arnaud Bellec; Anne Berger; Hélène Bergès; Shelby Bidwell; Ton Bisseling; Nathalie Choisne; Arnaud Couloux; Roxanne Denny; Shweta Deshpande; Xinbin Dai; Jeff J. Doyle; Anne Marie Dudez; Andrew D. Farmer; Stéphanie Fouteau; Carolien Franken; Chrystel Gibelin; John Gish; Steven Goldstein; Alvaro J. González; Pamela J. Green; Asis Hallab; Marijke Hartog; Axin Hua; Sean J. Humphray; Dong Hoon Jeong; Yi Jing; Anika Jöcker; Steve M. Kenton; Dong Jin Kim; Kathrin Klee; Hongshing Lai; Chunting Lang; Shaoping Lin; Simone L. MacMil; Ghislaine Magdelenat; Lucy Matthews; Jamison McCorrison; Erin L. Monaghan; Jeong Hwan Mun; Fares Z. Najar; Christine Nicholson; Céline Noirot; Majesta O'Bleness; Charles R. Paule; Julie Poulain; Florent Prion; Baifang Qin; Chunmei Qu; Ernest F. Retzel; Claire Riddle; Erika Sallet; Sylvie Samain; Nicolas Samson; Iryna Sanders; Olivier Saurat; Claude Scarpelli; Thomas Schiex; Béatrice Segurens; Andrew J. Severin; D. Janine Sherrier; Ruihua Shi; Sarah Sims; Susan R. Singer; Senjuti Sinharoy; Lieven Sterck; Agnès Viollet; Bing Bing Wang; Keqin Wang; Mingyi Wang; Xiaohong Wang; Jens Warfsmann; Jean Weissenbach; Doug D. White; Jim D. White; Graham B. Wiley; Patrick Wincker; Yanbo Xing; Limei Yang; Ziyun Yao; Fu Ying; Jixian Zhai; Liping Zhou; Antoine Zuber; Jean Dénarié; Richard A. Dixon; Gregory D. May; David C. Schwartz; Jane Rogers; Francis Quétier; Christopher D. Town; Bruce A. Roe

doi:10.1038/nature10625

The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses

Nevin D. Young, Frédéric Debellé, Giles E.D. Oldroyd, Rene Geurts, Steven B. Cannon, Michael K. Udvardi, Vagner A. Benedito, Klaus F.X. Mayer, Jérôme Gouzy, Heiko Schoof, Yves Van De Peer, Sebastian Proost, Douglas R. Cook, Blake C. Meyers, Manuel Spannagl, Foo Cheung, Stéphane De Mita, Vivek Krishnakumar, Heidrun Gundlach, Shiguo ZhouJoann Mudge, Arvind K. Bharti, Jeremy D. Murray, Marina A. Naoumkina, Benjamin Rosen, Kevin A.T. Silverstein, Haibao Tang, Stephane Rombauts, Patrick X. Zhao, Peng Zhou, Valérie Barbe, Philippe Bardou, Michael Bechner, Arnaud Bellec, Anne Berger, Hélène Bergès, Shelby Bidwell, Ton Bisseling, Nathalie Choisne, Arnaud Couloux, Roxanne Denny, Shweta Deshpande, Xinbin Dai, Jeff J. Doyle, Anne Marie Dudez, Andrew D. Farmer, Stéphanie Fouteau, Carolien Franken, Chrystel Gibelin, John Gish, Steven Goldstein, Alvaro J. González, Pamela J. Green, Asis Hallab, Marijke Hartog, Axin Hua, Sean J. Humphray, Dong Hoon Jeong, Yi Jing, Anika Jöcker, Steve M. Kenton, Dong Jin Kim, Kathrin Klee, Hongshing Lai, Chunting Lang, Shaoping Lin, Simone L. MacMil, Ghislaine Magdelenat, Lucy Matthews, Jamison McCorrison, Erin L. Monaghan, Jeong Hwan Mun, Fares Z. Najar, Christine Nicholson, Céline Noirot, Majesta O'Bleness, Charles R. Paule, Julie Poulain, Florent Prion, Baifang Qin, Chunmei Qu, Ernest F. Retzel, Claire Riddle, Erika Sallet, Sylvie Samain, Nicolas Samson, Iryna Sanders, Olivier Saurat, Claude Scarpelli, Thomas Schiex, Béatrice Segurens, Andrew J. Severin, D. Janine Sherrier, Ruihua Shi, Sarah Sims, Susan R. Singer, Senjuti Sinharoy, Lieven Sterck, Agnès Viollet, Bing Bing Wang, Keqin Wang, Mingyi Wang, Xiaohong Wang, Jens Warfsmann, Jean Weissenbach, Doug D. White, Jim D. White, Graham B. Wiley, Patrick Wincker, Yanbo Xing, Limei Yang, Ziyun Yao, Fu Ying, Jixian Zhai, Liping Zhou, Antoine Zuber, Jean Dénarié, Richard A. Dixon, Gregory D. May, David C. Schwartz, Jane Rogers, Francis Quétier, Christopher D. Town, Bruce A. Roe

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ∼ 94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa's genomic toolbox.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	520-524
Number of pages	5
Journal	Nature
Volume	480
Issue number	7378
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10625
State	Published - Dec 22 2011

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
FOOD-CT-2004-506223; to G.E.D.O. and J.R. from BBSRC BBS/B/11524; to F.D. and F.Q. from ANR project SEQMEDIC 2006-01122; to R.G. from the Dutch Science Organization VIDI 864.06.007, ERA-PG FP-06.038A; to Y.V.d.P. from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office IUAP P6/25, Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders and Ghent University (MRP N2N); to D.R.C. from NSF IOS-0531408, IOS-0605251; to D.J.S.,B.C.M.and P.J.G.fromUSDACSREES2006-03567;toJ.Gouzyfrom‘Laboratoire d’Excellence’ (LABEX) TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). We also acknowledge technical support from the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and thank Y. W. Nam for a BamHI BAC library used by Genoscope, S. Park and M. Accerbi for RNA isolation, T. Paape for statistical consulting, and M. Harrison for supplying myc infected and control root tissues used to make small RNA libraries.

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Young, N. D., Debellé, F., Oldroyd, G. E. D., Geurts, R., Cannon, S. B., Udvardi, M. K., Benedito, V. A., Mayer, K. F. X., Gouzy, J., Schoof, H., Van De Peer, Y., Proost, S., Cook, D. R., Meyers, B. C., Spannagl, M., Cheung, F., De Mita, S., Krishnakumar, V., Gundlach, H., ... Roe, B. A. (2011). The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature, 480(7378), 520-524. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10625

Young, ND, Debellé, F, Oldroyd, GED, Geurts, R, Cannon, SB, Udvardi, MK, Benedito, VA, Mayer, KFX, Gouzy, J, Schoof, H, Van De Peer, Y, Proost, S, Cook, DR, Meyers, BC, Spannagl, M, Cheung, F, De Mita, S, Krishnakumar, V, Gundlach, H, Zhou, S, Mudge, J, Bharti, AK, Murray, JD, Naoumkina, MA, Rosen, B, Silverstein, KAT, Tang, H, Rombauts, S, Zhao, PX, Zhou, P, Barbe, V, Bardou, P, Bechner, M, Bellec, A, Berger, A, Bergès, H, Bidwell, S, Bisseling, T, Choisne, N, Couloux, A, Denny, R, Deshpande, S, Dai, X, Doyle, JJ, Dudez, AM, Farmer, AD, Fouteau, S, Franken, C, Gibelin, C, Gish, J, Goldstein, S, González, AJ, Green, PJ, Hallab, A, Hartog, M, Hua, A, Humphray, SJ, Jeong, DH, Jing, Y, Jöcker, A, Kenton, SM, Kim, DJ, Klee, K, Lai, H, Lang, C, Lin, S, MacMil, SL, Magdelenat, G, Matthews, L, McCorrison, J, Monaghan, EL, Mun, JH, Najar, FZ, Nicholson, C, Noirot, C, O'Bleness, M, Paule, CR, Poulain, J, Prion, F, Qin, B, Qu, C, Retzel, EF, Riddle, C, Sallet, E, Samain, S, Samson, N, Sanders, I, Saurat, O, Scarpelli, C, Schiex, T, Segurens, B, Severin, AJ, Sherrier, DJ, Shi, R, Sims, S, Singer, SR, Sinharoy, S, Sterck, L, Viollet, A, Wang, BB, Wang, K, Wang, M, Wang, X, Warfsmann, J, Weissenbach, J, White, DD, White, JD, Wiley, GB, Wincker, P, Xing, Y, Yang, L, Yao, Z, Ying, F, Zhai, J, Zhou, L, Zuber, A, Dénarié, J, Dixon, RA, May, GD, Schwartz, DC, Rogers, J, Quétier, F, Town, CD & Roe, BA 2011, 'The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses', Nature, vol. 480, no. 7378, pp. 520-524. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10625

@article{70030fe27be0406493938345aa4e5b89,

title = "The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses",

abstract = "Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ∼ 94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa's genomic toolbox.",

author = "Young, {Nevin D.} and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Debell{\'e} and Oldroyd, {Giles E.D.} and Rene Geurts and Cannon, {Steven B.} and Udvardi, {Michael K.} and Benedito, {Vagner A.} and Mayer, {Klaus F.X.} and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Gouzy and Heiko Schoof and {Van De Peer}, Yves and Sebastian Proost and Cook, {Douglas R.} and Meyers, {Blake C.} and Manuel Spannagl and Foo Cheung and {De Mita}, St{\'e}phane and Vivek Krishnakumar and Heidrun Gundlach and Shiguo Zhou and Joann Mudge and Bharti, {Arvind K.} and Murray, {Jeremy D.} and Naoumkina, {Marina A.} and Benjamin Rosen and Silverstein, {Kevin A.T.} and Haibao Tang and Stephane Rombauts and Zhao, {Patrick X.} and Peng Zhou and Val{\'e}rie Barbe and Philippe Bardou and Michael Bechner and Arnaud Bellec and Anne Berger and H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Berg{\`e}s and Shelby Bidwell and Ton Bisseling and Nathalie Choisne and Arnaud Couloux and Roxanne Denny and Shweta Deshpande and Xinbin Dai and Doyle, {Jeff J.} and Dudez, {Anne Marie} and Farmer, {Andrew D.} and St{\'e}phanie Fouteau and Carolien Franken and Chrystel Gibelin and John Gish and Steven Goldstein and Gonz{\'a}lez, {Alvaro J.} and Green, {Pamela J.} and Asis Hallab and Marijke Hartog and Axin Hua and Humphray, {Sean J.} and Jeong, {Dong Hoon} and Yi Jing and Anika J{\"o}cker and Kenton, {Steve M.} and Kim, {Dong Jin} and Kathrin Klee and Hongshing Lai and Chunting Lang and Shaoping Lin and MacMil, {Simone L.} and Ghislaine Magdelenat and Lucy Matthews and Jamison McCorrison and Monaghan, {Erin L.} and Mun, {Jeong Hwan} and Najar, {Fares Z.} and Christine Nicholson and C{\'e}line Noirot and Majesta O'Bleness and Paule, {Charles R.} and Julie Poulain and Florent Prion and Baifang Qin and Chunmei Qu and Retzel, {Ernest F.} and Claire Riddle and Erika Sallet and Sylvie Samain and Nicolas Samson and Iryna Sanders and Olivier Saurat and Claude Scarpelli and Thomas Schiex and B{\'e}atrice Segurens and Severin, {Andrew J.} and Sherrier, {D. Janine} and Ruihua Shi and Sarah Sims and Singer, {Susan R.} and Senjuti Sinharoy and Lieven Sterck and Agn{\`e}s Viollet and Wang, {Bing Bing} and Keqin Wang and Mingyi Wang and Xiaohong Wang and Jens Warfsmann and Jean Weissenbach and White, {Doug D.} and White, {Jim D.} and Wiley, {Graham B.} and Patrick Wincker and Yanbo Xing and Limei Yang and Ziyun Yao and Fu Ying and Jixian Zhai and Liping Zhou and Antoine Zuber and Jean D{\'e}nari{\'e} and Dixon, {Richard A.} and May, {Gregory D.} and Schwartz, {David C.} and Jane Rogers and Francis Qu{\'e}tier and Town, {Christopher D.} and Roe, {Bruce A.}",

note = "Funding Information: FOOD-CT-2004-506223; to G.E.D.O. and J.R. from BBSRC BBS/B/11524; to F.D. and F.Q. from ANR project SEQMEDIC 2006-01122; to R.G. from the Dutch Science Organization VIDI 864.06.007, ERA-PG FP-06.038A; to Y.V.d.P. from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office IUAP P6/25, Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders and Ghent University (MRP N2N); to D.R.C. from NSF IOS-0531408, IOS-0605251; to D.J.S.,B.C.M.and P.J.G.fromUSDACSREES2006-03567;toJ.Gouzyfrom{\textquoteleft}Laboratoire d{\textquoteright}Excellence{\textquoteright} (LABEX) TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). We also acknowledge technical support from the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and thank Y. W. Nam for a BamHI BAC library used by Genoscope, S. Park and M. Accerbi for RNA isolation, T. Paape for statistical consulting, and M. Harrison for supplying myc infected and control root tissues used to make small RNA libraries.",

year = "2011",

month = dec,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1038/nature10625",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "480",

pages = "520--524",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "7378",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses

AU - Young, Nevin D.

AU - Debellé, Frédéric

AU - Oldroyd, Giles E.D.

AU - Geurts, Rene

AU - Cannon, Steven B.

AU - Udvardi, Michael K.

AU - Benedito, Vagner A.

AU - Mayer, Klaus F.X.

AU - Gouzy, Jérôme

AU - Schoof, Heiko

AU - Van De Peer, Yves

AU - Proost, Sebastian

AU - Cook, Douglas R.

AU - Meyers, Blake C.

AU - Spannagl, Manuel

AU - Cheung, Foo

AU - De Mita, Stéphane

AU - Krishnakumar, Vivek

AU - Gundlach, Heidrun

AU - Zhou, Shiguo

AU - Mudge, Joann

AU - Bharti, Arvind K.

AU - Murray, Jeremy D.

AU - Naoumkina, Marina A.

AU - Rosen, Benjamin

AU - Silverstein, Kevin A.T.

AU - Tang, Haibao

AU - Rombauts, Stephane

AU - Zhao, Patrick X.

AU - Zhou, Peng

AU - Barbe, Valérie

AU - Bardou, Philippe

AU - Bechner, Michael

AU - Bellec, Arnaud

AU - Berger, Anne

AU - Bergès, Hélène

AU - Bidwell, Shelby

AU - Bisseling, Ton

AU - Choisne, Nathalie

AU - Couloux, Arnaud

AU - Denny, Roxanne

AU - Deshpande, Shweta

AU - Dai, Xinbin

AU - Doyle, Jeff J.

AU - Dudez, Anne Marie

AU - Farmer, Andrew D.

AU - Fouteau, Stéphanie

AU - Franken, Carolien

AU - Gibelin, Chrystel

AU - Gish, John

AU - Goldstein, Steven

AU - González, Alvaro J.

AU - Green, Pamela J.

AU - Hallab, Asis

AU - Hartog, Marijke

AU - Hua, Axin

AU - Humphray, Sean J.

AU - Jeong, Dong Hoon

AU - Jing, Yi

AU - Jöcker, Anika

AU - Kenton, Steve M.

AU - Kim, Dong Jin

AU - Klee, Kathrin

AU - Lai, Hongshing

AU - Lang, Chunting

AU - Lin, Shaoping

AU - MacMil, Simone L.

AU - Magdelenat, Ghislaine

AU - Matthews, Lucy

AU - McCorrison, Jamison

AU - Monaghan, Erin L.

AU - Mun, Jeong Hwan

AU - Najar, Fares Z.

AU - Nicholson, Christine

AU - Noirot, Céline

AU - O'Bleness, Majesta

AU - Paule, Charles R.

AU - Poulain, Julie

AU - Prion, Florent

AU - Qin, Baifang

AU - Qu, Chunmei

AU - Retzel, Ernest F.

AU - Riddle, Claire

AU - Sallet, Erika

AU - Samain, Sylvie

AU - Samson, Nicolas

AU - Sanders, Iryna

AU - Saurat, Olivier

AU - Scarpelli, Claude

AU - Schiex, Thomas

AU - Segurens, Béatrice

AU - Severin, Andrew J.

AU - Sherrier, D. Janine

AU - Shi, Ruihua

AU - Sims, Sarah

AU - Singer, Susan R.

AU - Sinharoy, Senjuti

AU - Sterck, Lieven

AU - Viollet, Agnès

AU - Wang, Bing Bing

AU - Wang, Keqin

AU - Wang, Mingyi

AU - Wang, Xiaohong

AU - Warfsmann, Jens

AU - Weissenbach, Jean

AU - White, Doug D.

AU - White, Jim D.

AU - Wiley, Graham B.

AU - Wincker, Patrick

AU - Xing, Yanbo

AU - Yang, Limei

AU - Yao, Ziyun

AU - Ying, Fu

AU - Zhai, Jixian

AU - Zhou, Liping

AU - Zuber, Antoine

AU - Dénarié, Jean

AU - Dixon, Richard A.

AU - May, Gregory D.

AU - Schwartz, David C.

AU - Rogers, Jane

AU - Quétier, Francis

AU - Town, Christopher D.

AU - Roe, Bruce A.

N1 - Funding Information: FOOD-CT-2004-506223; to G.E.D.O. and J.R. from BBSRC BBS/B/11524; to F.D. and F.Q. from ANR project SEQMEDIC 2006-01122; to R.G. from the Dutch Science Organization VIDI 864.06.007, ERA-PG FP-06.038A; to Y.V.d.P. from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office IUAP P6/25, Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders and Ghent University (MRP N2N); to D.R.C. from NSF IOS-0531408, IOS-0605251; to D.J.S.,B.C.M.and P.J.G.fromUSDACSREES2006-03567;toJ.Gouzyfrom‘Laboratoire d’Excellence’ (LABEX) TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). We also acknowledge technical support from the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and thank Y. W. Nam for a BamHI BAC library used by Genoscope, S. Park and M. Accerbi for RNA isolation, T. Paape for statistical consulting, and M. Harrison for supplying myc infected and control root tissues used to make small RNA libraries.

PY - 2011/12/22

Y1 - 2011/12/22

N2 - Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ∼ 94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa's genomic toolbox.

AB - Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ∼ 94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa's genomic toolbox.

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U2 - 10.1038/nature10625

DO - 10.1038/nature10625

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VL - 480

SP - 520

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JO - Nature

JF - Nature

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ER -

The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses

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